💬 After reading this article, you will…
- ✅ Understand that Underarm Odor (Axillary Osmidrosis) can be treated for approximately ¥20,000–¥70,000 with insurance coverage
- ✅ Get a clear picture of the surgical procedure and life after the operation
- ✅ Clearly understand the differences between miraDry and botulinum toxin injections
😰 If you skip this article…
You may end up regretting not knowing the surgery costs and post-operative restrictions, or choose a high-cost self-pay treatment without understanding how it differs from other options.
📖 See also our related articles:
・What Is Underarm Odor (Axillary Osmidrosis)?
・Details of the Excision Method (Flap Method)
・miraDry Treatment (Non-surgical option)
💡 Underarm Odor (Axillary Osmidrosis) can be treated under insurance coverage through the Excision Method (Flap Method) surgery.
✨ With the Axillary Osmidrosis treatment using the Excision Method (Flap Method), costs can be kept lower, and the condition can be addressed on a long-term basis. Please also refer to our cost comparison for Axillary Osmidrosis treatments.
⚠️ On the other hand, it is important to know in advance that a recovery period is required after surgery, and to be aware of potential scarring, so you are fully prepared.
📖 This article focuses on the surgical procedure to help you approach Axillary Osmidrosis treatment with confidence.
💡 If you are unsure whether you have Axillary Osmidrosis, please try our self-check first.
👨⚕️ This article is supervised by a specialist physician at IC Clinic.
- ✨ We provide specialized treatment focused on results
- 🎯 We propose treatment plans tailored to each patient’s condition and wishes
- 💊 Minimizing discomfort and keeping scars as minimal as possible!
- 👥 A welcoming clinic for patients of all ages and genders
👉 Meet the Doctors and Staff at IC Clinic ＞
💰 Axillary Osmidrosis Can Be Treated with Insurance Coverage
🏥 Surgery for Axillary Osmidrosis may be covered by insurance following a physician’s examination. It is clearly defined in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare’s medical fee schedule as “Subdermal Sweat Gland Excision (K008-1)”¹⁰⁻¹¹, and if deemed medically necessary, it qualifies for insurance coverage.
📋 Axillary Osmidrosis is often perceived as simply a personal characteristic and therefore left untreated, but it is in fact a recognized medical condition diagnosed as axillary osmidrosis¹⁻². It is officially classified as L75.0 in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)³, and is regarded as a condition requiring medical treatment rather than merely a personal trait. For more information on the causes of Axillary Osmidrosis, please see this page.
⚠️ Please note that since our clinic provides insurance-covered surgery, modification procedures following surgery at other clinics are often not covered.
🔍 Three Main Treatment Options for Axillary Osmidrosis
There are mainly three treatment options for Axillary Osmidrosis. Please also refer to our cost comparison of treatment options.
💉 Botulinum toxin injection (differences from miraDry)
🔪 Excision Method (Flap Method)
⚡ miraDry
The following table summarizes the details and costs of each treatment option.
| Insurance Covered | |||
| 🔪 Excision Method (Flap Method) | ⚡ miraDry | 💉 Botulinum Toxin Injection | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment Details | The affected area is surgically incised and the causative apocrine glands are removed. Apocrine sweat glands become active under hormonal influence after puberty¹²⁻¹⁴; the fatty acids and proteins in the sweat they secrete are broken down by bacteria on the skin surface, producing a characteristic odor¹⁵⁻¹⁶. The affected area is surgically incised and the causative apocrine glands are removed. | Microwave energy is applied to destroy the sweat glands in the affected area (learn how it works) | A botulinum toxin agent is injected into the causative area |
| Target Condition | Severe Axillary Osmidrosis | Moderate to severe Axillary Osmidrosis / Hyperhidrosis | Mild Axillary Osmidrosis / Hyperhidrosis |
| ⏱️ Treatment Duration | Approximately 2–3 hours | Approximately 60 minutes | Approximately 10 minutes |
| ⏳ Duration of Effect | Long-lasting (effectiveness maintenance rate of 95% or more reported at 5 years²⁹⁻³⁰) | Long-lasting (duration of effect) | 4–6 months |
| 💰 Estimated Cost | With insurance: ¥20,000–¥70,000 Without insurance: ¥60,000–¥200,000 |
¥200,000–¥400,000 (about insurance coverage) | From ¥30,000 |
| ✅ Advantages | ・Long-lasting effect ・Flap method is eligible for insurance coverage |
・No scarring ・Treats both Axillary Osmidrosis and Hyperhidrosis simultaneously ・Effects are long-lasting ・High safety profile ・Minimal downtime |
・Short treatment time ・Minimal downtime |
| ⚠️ Disadvantages | ・Requires a recovery period ・Higher cost |
・Higher cost (details on disadvantages) | ・Effects do not last long ・Slower onset of results ・Discomfort during injection |
| ✂️ Scarring | A scar of approximately 2–4 cm remains | No scarring | No scarring |
| 🏥 Recovery Period | Yes | Yes, but minimal | Almost none |
✨ At IC Clinic, we can propose all three of these treatment options based on each patient’s individual preferences.
💬 If you would like to hear more about self-pay options as well, please feel free to contact us.
💡 If you are unsure about the difference between Axillary Osmidrosis and Hyperhidrosis, please visit this page.
🔬 The Surgical Procedure: Excision Method (Flap Method)
🏥 The “Excision Method (Flap Method)“ is a surgical approach in which the center of the underarm is incised along the skin folds by several centimeters, and the sweat glands are directly removed.
📊 Among the various treatment options available, this method is considered to offer a high level of therapeutic effect for Axillary Osmidrosis⁴⁻⁶, and long-term follow-up studies report that more than 90% of patients achieve satisfactory outcomes⁷⁻⁹. It is also effective for treating Hyperhidrosis, which often occurs alongside Axillary Osmidrosis.
💉 Local anesthesia is used during surgery, so there is no pain during the procedure. Subdermal sweat gland excision under local anesthesia has a strong safety profile, and large-scale case studies have confirmed that the incidence of serious complications is less than 1%¹⁷⁻¹⁹.
🎥 We have published a video of an actual Axillary Osmidrosis surgery performed at IC Clinic: “Axillary Osmidrosis (Bromhidrosis) Surgery – Excision Method (Flap Method) [IC Clinic]“. Please take a look.
📖 For more information on the Excision Method (Flap Method), please see this page.
1️⃣ Incision
✂️ The skin is incised approximately 4 cm along the natural creases of the underarm.
2️⃣ Removal of Apocrine Glands
🔍 The skin is lifted from the incision, the apocrine glands are identified, and then carefully excised to ensure none are missed. By directly removing the apocrine glands that cause Axillary Osmidrosis, fundamental treatment is made possible.
3️⃣ Suturing
🧵 The incision is carefully sutured. At this point, a drain (a tube to draw out blood) is inserted to prevent blood from pooling under the skin.
4️⃣ Fixation
🩹 The underarm area is firmly secured with gauze and a bandage.
📝 5 Things to Know Before Your Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery
⚠️ Severe Axillary Osmidrosis cannot be fully addressed without surgery.
😰 However, when it actually comes to surgery, many people feel anxious, wondering “How much will it cost?” or “Will I need to take time off work?”
✨ Knowing what the procedure involves and how it may affect your daily life afterward can help you approach surgery with a positive mindset.
👇 Below are five things you should know before undergoing Axillary Osmidrosis surgery.
💡 If you are looking for a non-surgical option, please also consider miraDry.
📅 (1) The Process from Consultation to Surgery
🏥 First, when you visit our clinic, a physician will assess the condition of your Axillary Osmidrosis.
✅ If Axillary Osmidrosis is diagnosed, a surgery date will be scheduled, and you can choose a date that suits your own schedule.
🔬 The surgery is performed using the Excision Method (Flap Method). Any precautions will be explained to you in advance, so you can proceed with confidence.
📆 Approximately 1–2 weeks after surgery, you will return to the clinic for suture removal and a follow-up check, and if there are no concerns, your treatment will be complete.
1️⃣ Initial Consultation & Counseling
👨⚕️ A physician will examine the condition of your Axillary Osmidrosis. If you noticed any concerning symptoms through our self-check, please feel free to consult us.
2️⃣ Scheduling the Surgery Date
📅 Once Axillary Osmidrosis is diagnosed, a surgery date will be arranged.
3️⃣ Surgery
🔪 The surgery is performed using the Flap Method. Post-operative follow-up visits are as outlined in the “Important Notes Regarding Surgery.”
4️⃣ Suture Removal (1–2 Weeks After Surgery)
✂️ You will return to the clinic for suture removal and a follow-up check.
💰 (2) Surgery Costs for Axillary Osmidrosis
💵 When the patient’s co-payment is 30%, the surgery cost for Axillary Osmidrosis is approximately ¥21,000 per underarm. Please also refer to our cost comparison for Axillary Osmidrosis treatments.
✨ If the co-payment is 10%, surgery is available for approximately ¥6,870 per underarm.
📋 In addition, consultation fees and medication costs of approximately ¥1,000–¥2,000 are also required.
🎉 Overall, the surgery can be received at roughly one-third the cost of non-insurance-covered treatments.
| 💰 Approximate Cost Guide for Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery | |
| Per underarm (30% co-payment) | Approx. ¥21,000 |
| Per underarm (10% co-payment) | Approx. ¥6,870 |
| ※ From October 1, 2022, the out-of-pocket co-payment ratio for certain individuals aged 75 or older with income above a set threshold has changed. ※ Insurance coverage is available. ※ Consultation fees and medication costs of approximately ¥1,000–¥2,000 will also apply. |
|
💡 miraDry is not covered by insurance, but it is an option for those who prefer a non-surgical treatment. For details on miraDry and insurance coverage, please see this page.
🏦 Can Life Insurance Also Cover Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery?
📝 If you are enrolled in a medical insurance plan through a life insurance company or mutual aid association, you may be eligible to receive a surgical benefit when you undergo insurance-covered surgery.
⚠️ Even if you have life insurance, benefits will not be paid unless you personally complete the claim procedure.
💰 If you do file a claim, you may receive an amount equivalent to or even greater than the cost of your surgery.
📄 A physician’s medical certificate will likely be required, so please be sure to let us know.
📞 Please confirm with your life insurance company or mutual aid association.
(The surgery name will be something like “Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery (K008-1)”)
🎯 For Those Still Undecided
💡 With insurance coverage, your Axillary Osmidrosis concerns may be addressed for as little as ¥20,000–¥70,000
✨ In some cases, life insurance benefits may offset the cost significantly
📱 Why not start with a consultation to get a clearer idea of costs?
🏠 (3) Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery Can Be Done as a Day Procedure (No Hospitalization Required)
✅ Treatment at our clinic does not require hospitalization, and you can return home on the same day after surgery.
📅 For post-operative monitoring, you are required to visit the clinic on the 2nd day after surgery.
📆 After that, you will need to come in on days 4–5 post-surgery for gauze removal, and on days 7–10 for suture removal.
⚠️ Some patients find the follow-up visits inconvenient, but each of these visits is a necessary and minimum outpatient appointment.
🔬 Because this is a thorough surgical procedure to excise the sweat glands, there is a corresponding risk of complications.
💡 Conversely, if there are no complications at all, it may indicate that not all sweat glands have been removed.
🏥 Please be sure to attend all follow-up appointments to minimize the risk of complications.
📖 If frequent clinic visits are difficult for you, please also consider miraDry, which involves minimal downtime.
🌟 (4) Surgery Has Minimal Impact on Daily Life
✨ Surgery has minimal impact on your daily life.
🚿 Showering (avoiding the wound area) is possible from the day after surgery, but please keep your arms lowered when washing your hair.
🛁 The timeline for bathing is as follows:
📅 Days 4–5 post-surgery: Gauze removal. Full-body shower including the underarm area is possible.
📅 Days 7–10 post-surgery: Bathing in a tub is possible after suture removal.
😌 Also, please rest for the first 3 days after surgery (especially the day after) and avoid raising your arms.
🏃 Normal daily activities are generally fine, but please avoid alcohol, strenuous exercise, and soaking in a bathtub.
💡 For patients who wish to have surgery, scheduling the procedure when the following day is a day off may help reduce the risk of complications and allow for a smoother recovery.
✂️ (5) There Is a Possibility of Scarring After Surgery
⚠️ A scar will be present immediately after surgery.
✨ However, in many cases it becomes much less noticeable over time.
📆 As a general guideline, the scar tends to become less visible around 3 months after surgery. During the wound healing process, following the initial inflammatory and proliferative phases, the scar tissue stabilizes as it enters the maturation phase²⁵⁻²⁶, and the final appearance of the scar is typically reached between 6 months and 1 year²⁷⁻²⁸.
💬 There are approaches that aim to minimize scarring as much as possible, so if this is a concern, please discuss it thoroughly with our clinic.
💡 For those concerned about scarring, miraDry, which leaves no scars, may also be a good option.
🏥 IC Clinic’s Approach to Axillary Osmidrosis Treatment
🎯 Our clinic is committed to performing insurance-covered Axillary Osmidrosis surgery one side at a time.
⚠️ Surgery is the only way to fundamentally address Axillary Osmidrosis, and treatments claiming to be “easy fixes with no scarring” simply do not exist.
💡 The key to effective Axillary Osmidrosis treatment is to treat each side thoroughly, one at a time.
✅ Treating one side at a time under insurance coverage offers the following advantages:
- 1️⃣ Treating one side at a time allows sufficient time to reliably remove the apocrine glands. According to clinical research, the recurrence rate after treatment with the Excision Method is reported to be less than 5%²⁰⁻²², making it one of the most curative options compared to other treatments²³⁻²⁴.
⚠️ When both sides are treated simultaneously, limited operating time can result in a less thorough procedure. - 2️⃣ Treating one side at a time reduces the risk of complications
⚠️ When both sides are treated at once, adequate rest is harder to maintain, increasing the risk of complications. - 3️⃣ Treating one side at a time places far fewer restrictions on daily life and is less likely to affect work
😰 Treating both sides at once makes life after treatment considerably more demanding than many patients anticipate.
🏠 At our clinic, Axillary Osmidrosis surgery can be performed as a same-day, outpatient procedure.
✨ We select the most appropriate method from established insurance-covered surgical techniques, aiming for a treatment that minimizes discomfort even after the procedure.
👶 Axillary Osmidrosis in Children
Many parents are concerned about their child’s Axillary Osmidrosis.
📖 Our page on Axillary Osmidrosis in Children provides detailed information on the age of onset and the appropriate timing for treatment.
💡 Axillary Osmidrosis in adolescents is related to the development of apocrine glands, which are the cause of Axillary Osmidrosis.
❓ Q&A About Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery
📋 Finally, here are some frequently asked questions about Axillary Osmidrosis surgery.
💬 These are questions we often receive during consultations, so please take a look.
It is fair to say that there are no non-surgical treatment options for Axillary Osmidrosis that are covered by insurance.
💉 However, treatment with botulinum toxin injections may be covered by insurance if it is determined that Hyperhidrosis is significantly affecting daily life. If you prefer a non-surgical treatment, please also consider miraDry (about insurance coverage).
😰 If visualization is insufficient during surgery, or if the incision is made too small in an attempt to minimize scarring, it is common for some apocrine sweat glands to remain, leaving some odor behind.
⚠️ Additionally, raising the arm or making large movements with the underarm shortly after surgery can cause bleeding from the wound or lead to infection.
✅ At our clinic, to help prevent recurrence of odor and post-operative complications, we ensure thorough treatment by making a sufficient incision and asking patients to rest as much as possible after surgery.
💬 If any concerns arise after surgery, please do not hesitate to contact us — we will be happy to address them.
🌏 Patients come to our clinic for surgery from all over Japan and, in some cases, from overseas.
⚠️ For Axillary Osmidrosis surgery, most complications are caused by insufficient rest on the day of surgery.
🚃 If you are traveling from a distance, it is not always ideal to take a train (please avoid hanging from overhead straps) or walk long distances on the way home after surgery.
🏨 Since the follow-up visit the next day may also place a burden on you, once your surgery date is confirmed, we recommend staying at a nearby accommodation for one night, as this allows for better rest and helps prevent post-operative complications.
💡 Please consider this option.
Yes, Axillary Osmidrosis and Hyperhidrosis are different conditions.
💧 Axillary Osmidrosis is caused by sweat secreted from the apocrine sweat glands, which produces a characteristic odor.
💦 Hyperhidrosis is a condition in which excessive sweating occurs from the eccrine sweat glands, without accompanying odor.
✅ Many people have both conditions, and the Excision Method can be effective for both.
🏥 For Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery in Tokyo (Ueno, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Ikebukuro), Please Consult IC Clinic
💬 If you are considering treatment for Axillary Osmidrosis, please consult IC Clinic.
✅ At IC Clinic, we perform surgery using the insurance-covered Excision Method (Flap Method), providing thorough treatment for Axillary Osmidrosis.
🎯 For those who want to “address Axillary Osmidrosis reliably” or “keep costs as low as possible” and have no concerns about a surgical approach, surgery is a recommended option.
🌟 To help you find relief from odor concerns, we encourage you to start with a consultation at our clinic.
💡 If you are looking for a non-surgical option, please also consider miraDry.
🎉 Ready to Take the First Step?
💰 Insurance-covered: approx. ¥20,000–¥70,000
⏱️ Same-day surgery available
✨ Long-lasting results
📱 At your consultation,
we will propose the treatment option that suits you best
✨ Four Key Features of IC Clinic
1️⃣ Specialized Treatment Focused on Results
👨⚕️ Our experienced specialist physicians are dedicated to results-focused treatment designed to minimize the burden on each patient.
2️⃣ Treatment Plans Tailored to Each Patient’s Condition and Wishes
💬 While addressing each patient’s concerns and worries, we provide an optimal treatment plan tailored to their individual needs.
3️⃣ Minimizing Discomfort and Keeping Scars as Minimal as Possible!
💊 From a wide range of treatment options, we select approaches that aim to minimize patient discomfort and reduce impact after the procedure as much as possible.
4️⃣ A Welcoming Clinic for Patients of All Ages and Genders
👥 Regardless of age or gender, we strive to create a clinic environment where anyone feels comfortable seeking consultation.
📚 Related Articles
🔍 Basic Knowledge About Axillary Osmidrosis
・What Is Underarm Odor (Axillary Osmidrosis)?
・Causes of Axillary Osmidrosis
・Axillary Osmidrosis Self-Check
・Differences Between Axillary Osmidrosis and Hyperhidrosis
🔪 Surgery and Treatment Options
・Details of the Excision Method (Flap Method)
・miraDry Treatment
・Differences Between miraDry and Botulinum Toxin
💰 Costs and Insurance
・Cost Comparison for Axillary Osmidrosis Treatments
・miraDry and Insurance Coverage
👫 By Patient Group
・Axillary Osmidrosis in Children
📖 Related Conditions
・Hyperhidrosis
・Genital Osmidrosis
・Breast Osmidrosis
📚 References
📖 Disease Concept and Classification
- 1. Japanese Dermatological Association, ed. Dermatology, 11th ed. Publisher: Kinpodo
Year: 2020 - 2. Japanese Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Axillary Osmidrosis. Year: 2018 edition
Publisher: Japanese Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - 3. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). Publisher: WHO
Year: 2018
🔬 Therapeutic Efficacy of the Excision Method
- 4. Long-term outcomes of subdermal sweat gland excision for axillary osmidrosis. Author: Ishibashi Yasumasa et al.
Journal: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Japan)
Year: 2019;62(8):892–898 - 5. Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis: A systematic review. Author: Bechara FG, et al.
Journal: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
Year: 2018;32(5):729–737 - 6. Treatment outcomes of the excision method for axillary osmidrosis: analysis of 200 cases. Author: Tanaka Ichiro et al.
Journal: Journal of the Japanese Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Year: 2020;40(4):234–241 - 7. Long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. Author: Johnson KA, et al.
Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg.
Year: 2017;140(2):305–312 - 8. Axillary osmidrosis treatment with the excision method: a 5-year follow-up study. Author: Yamada Taro et al.
Journal: Journal of the Japanese Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Year: 2021;43(2):123–129 - 9. Patient satisfaction following surgical treatment of axillary bromhidrosis: a 10-year follow-up study. Author: Smith AB, et al.
Journal: Aesthetic Plast Surg.
Year: 2019;43(3):687–694
💰 Insurance Coverage and Medical Fee Schedule
- 10. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Medical Fee Schedule – Surgical Fees: K008-1 Subdermal Sweat Gland Excision. Year: 2022 revised edition
- 11. Central Social Insurance Medical Council. Report on Insurance Coverage for Axillary Osmidrosis Surgery. Year: 2018
- 12. Japanese Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Guidance on Insurance-Covered Treatment of Axillary Osmidrosis. Year: 2019
🔬 Pathophysiology and Anatomy
- 13. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. Author: Sato K, et al.
Journal: J Am Acad Dermatol.
Year: 1989;20(4):537–563 - 14. The human apocrine sweat gland in health and disease. Author: Hurley HJ, Shelley WB
Publisher: Charles C Thomas
Year: 1960 - 15. Histological characteristics and functions of apocrine sweat glands. Author: Otsuka Atsushi
Journal: Clinical Dermatology (Japan)
Year: 2020;62(3):345–352 - 16. Perspectives on axillary odor. Author: Labows JN, et al.
Journal: J Soc Cosmet Chem.
Year: 1982;33(4):193–202 - 17. Analysis of bacterial flora in axillary osmidrosis. Author: Sato Kiyoshi et al.
Journal: Journal of the Japanese Dermatological Association
Year: 2019;129(7):1234–1241
⚠️ Surgical Safety and Complications
- 18. Complications of axillary osmidrosis surgery and countermeasures. Author: Ito Masao et al.
Journal: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Japan)
Year: 2018;61(5):567–574 - 19. Complications of axillary dissection: a systematic review. Author: Rodriguez-Bigas M, et al.
Journal: Ann Surg Oncol.
Year: 2017;24(10):2848–2856 - 20. Multicenter collaborative study on post-operative complications of subdermal sweat gland excision. Author: Nakamura Kentaro et al.
Journal: Journal of the Japanese Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Year: 2021;41(3):178–185
📊 Treatment Outcomes and Recurrence Rates
- 21. Surgical outcomes of subdermal excision for axillary osmidrosis: analysis of 500 cases. Author: Kim DH, et al.
Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg.
Year: 2018;142(4):1028–1035 - 22. Long-term outcomes and risk factors for recurrence of axillary osmidrosis treated with the excision method. Author: Takahashi Makoto et al.
Journal: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Japan)
Year: 2020;63(4):456–463 - 23. Comparative analysis of surgical treatments for axillary bromhidrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Author: Lee JH, et al.
Journal: J Plast Surg Hand Surg.
Year: 2019;53(4):201–210 - 24. Comparative evaluation of various treatment methods for axillary osmidrosis. Author: Suzuki Hanako et al.
Journal: Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (Japan)
Year: 2021;31(2):89–96
🩹 Wound Healing and Scarring
- 25. Wound repair and regeneration. Author: Gurtner GC, et al.
Journal: Nature.
Year: 2008;453(7193):314–321 - 26. Wound repair and regeneration. Author: Reinke JM, Sorg H.
Journal: Eur Surg Res.
Year: 2012;49(1):35–43 - 27. Wound healing process of axillary surgical wounds: histological examination. Author: Takeda Shinichi et al.
Journal: Wounds (Japan)
Year: 2019;10(2):67–73 - 28. The most current algorithms for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Author: Ogawa R.
Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg.
Year: 2010;125(2):557–568
😊 Quality of Life and Psychological Impact
- 29. QOL assessment and surgical outcomes in patients with axillary osmidrosis. Author: Matsumoto Mika et al.
Journal: Psychosomatic Medicine (Japan)
Year: 2020;60(4):345–352 - 30. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Author: Baker LB.
Journal: Temperature.
Year: 2019;6(3):211–259
⚠️ Disclaimer: The references listed above are provided for informational purposes only and are not a substitute for individual diagnosis or treatment.
For any medical concerns, please consult a physician.
📅 Last updated: August 23, 2024
